The 99 Beautiful Divine Names of Allah

"And Allah's are the best Names, therefore call on Him thereby, and leave alone those who violate the sanctity of His Names; they shall be recompensed for what they did; God's alone are the attributes of perfection; invoke Him, then, by these, and stand aloof from all who distort the meaning of His attributes." Quran Al A'Raf 7:180

"Say: 'Call upon Allah or call upon the Beneficent God; whichever you call upon, He has the Best names.' Say: 'Invoke God, or invoke the Most Gracious: by whichever name you invoke Him, He is always the One -- for His are all the attributes of perfection.'" Quran Al Isra 17:110

"Allah is He, other than Whom there is no other god; Who knows both what is hidden and what can be witnessed; He is the Most Compassionate and Merciful. Allah is He, other than Whom there is no other god; the Sovereign, the One, the Source of Peace, the Guardian of Faith, the Preserver of Security, the Exalted, the Compelling, the Supreme. Glory be to God, beyond any associations. He is Allah, the Creator, the Evolver, the Bestower of Form. To Him belong the Most Beautiful Names: Whatever exists in heaven and earth declares His Praise and Glory. And He is Exalted in Power, the Wise." Quran Al Hashr 59:22-24

"He is the First and the Last and the Ascendant (over all) and the knower of hidden things, and He is Cognizant of all things. He is The First (Al-Awaal) and The Last (Al-Aakhir), The Outward (As-Zhahir) and The Inward (Al-Batin); He is The Knower of All Things." Quran Al-Hadid 57:3

The Divine Names

As humanity evolved along the path of spirituality, various aspects and attributes of divinity were sensed. Climbing higher on the scale of the holy path, Man discovered more facets of Allah, or whatever one may call the Absolute. Gradually, the hidden Isis unveiled, and is still unveiling her beauty--her naked Truth. This revelation is an on-going process, for humanity will not cease to struggle for enlightenment being unsatiated with the crumbs or the milk of the Word.

Discovering himself, man discovered God; and the more he grew in self-awareness, the more he discovered the treasures, the various divine elements unawakened within his essence. This was how the various names of God came into existence. Primitive cultures might have referred to the unseen Intelligence with a single appellation, but as they grew in maturity, in awareness, wisdom and understanding, as they unfolded their own innate divinity, more attributes were realized and names were assigned to the God they worshipped, for man inherently felt that the awakened virtues he had are possessed in full perfection by the Source of All. The amount of God-names expands as man develops his Spirit-awareness.

What man formally understood broadly, he now began to apperceive the details, the minor rays of the One Light; and these details, he may subsequently discover, further differentiate themselves ad infinitum. These divine rays or virtues of Allah were personified by the ancients ushering man from the animistic stage to the polytheistic phase. Almost all of the ancient cultures had their pantheons of gods and goddesses, representing externally the inherent, and somewhat dormant spectrum of divine virtues lying hidden within man. Though man be made in God's image, possessing the seeds of divinity, he still reflects poorly the divine attributes and aspects of his Progenitor; thus humanity still needs to grow into God's image and attain its own beautification, acquiring the state of perfection, the evolutionary stage called "Insan Kamil," or "Perfect Human Being."

Polytheism is not merely a concept or untrue. Human beings do evolve into perfection and attain god status as exclaimed by the prophets, "ye are (intrinsically) gods!" An adept on the spiritual path might make a divine virtue a predominant part of its expression that the embodiment of the attribute causes the adept to be universally and celestially recognized as a god of the divine ray itself. Thus, we have Venus, the goddess of Love, Kwan Yin, the goddess of Mercy, Thoth, the god of Wisdom, etc. The gods are embodiments of the ideal and various esoteric practice revolves around the assumption of the forms and characteristics of the gods and goddesses in order to quicken the magician's own divinity and to produce occult effects. The gods, however, do bow in reverence to Allah, the One Essence recognizing and understanding more than what is known to mortal minds.

In Islam, and in al-Hikmah, in general, human figures are not permitted to represent Allah or the divine attributes, as they are considered sacrilegious. Even the portrait of the Prophet was not saved for posterity. This was to avoid making a cult around the personality of the Messenger as was unfortunately done with the Piscean Master.

One of the teachings of Islam is that angels do not descend into houses filled with dogs and images. Though fundamentalists may adhere to the rule of the letter, esoterically, this refers to the unrestrained desires and the idols of the mind. The Divine Ray of the Holy Spirit has trouble entering man through the crown chakra blocked with psychic toxins generated by the impure mind and emotions. This is the esoteric interpretation of Christ knocking at the door and waiting for entry. He who would not purify himself causes the portal to remain barred.

There is an interesting account about images: during the early days of the promulgation of Islam by the walis or saints in Indonesia, the Islamic leaders encountered a problem as the indigenous people of Java were fond of the shadow-puppet theatrical plays. These puppets were in the shape of human figures. In keeping with the Islamic law that human icons were not allowed to be portrayed, they sought to ban this traditional entertainment but feared causing an uproar as a consequence. One of the Walis known as Sunan Kalijaga, intervened, however. His keen mind saw the potential of the plays as a media in conveying the moral teachings of Islam and suggested to the council of the "9 Saints" to allow the continuance of the practice. To comply with the teachings of Islam, he proposed that the human figures of the puppets be caricaturized. Thus deformed images of the shadow-puppets came into being. Samples of these may be found all over our website.

The Divine Names in Islam that have traditionally been passed on to us are 99 in number; the word "Allah" rounds the number to 100. The "Beautiful Divine Names" is probably the development of the 72 divine names of the Schemhamphoras, the 10 God-Names of the Qaballistic Tree of Life, and the other numerous appellations of God to be found in Jewish scriptures. Scholars of Islam may debate as to the legitimacy of the 99 names as a whole, whether they are a revelation from God and a true teaching of the Prophet, or whether they are simply concocted by man; but as occultists, this is of no import. The names are archetypal and may be experienced as realities within the recesses of one's psyche.

Each letter of the Arabic alphabet has a numerological value and is said to be associated with khodams, or angelic servants. The letters are embodiments or are representative of cosmic energies. The combined letters forming the Divine Names are in turn associated with other spirit khodams or classes of the angelic hierarchy. Having numerical values, the combined letters of the Divine Names represent metaphysical structures mathematically-based that possesses esoteric significances. Practitioners normally chant the Names the number of times in accord with its total value. The numerical value of a Name resonates with the power that it represents. Thus chanting the value of a Name or one of its expression mathematically derived therefrom, invokes the power, grace and virtues of the Name into the magician's consciousness. The figures in the table below, extracted from old manuscripts, is the result of just one numerological method of calculating the value of the Names. The Arabic letters, not the Latin, have been used as a basis for this calculation; the various methods of acquiring the value of a Name will not be given here as they are related to initiatic transmissions.

The khodam familiars assigned to the Divine Names may actually represent an angelic class rathers than to specific individual spirits judging from the vague statements of certain Islamic authors. Various lists assign different angels to the Divine Names, however, most of these are probably due to the variations in pronunciation/spelling of the angelic names. According to our compilation of the list below, some angels are associated with more than one Divine Name; thus for instance we have 'Athfayail as the guardian of Al-Lathif and Ash Shakur. As to the accuracy of the list, we leave that to the practitioner to discover through direct experience.

Practical Usage

Above we initimated that the angels of the Divine Names may be known through direct experience. In the occult practices of Ilmu Hikmah, the beautiful appellations of Allah are recited for thousands of times per day, sometimes for consecutive months in order to evoke the khodams to "material" appearance. The purpose of the evocation are varied. The angelic servers may be called upon to assist the practitioner in solving the varied problems of life; to provide familiars, to acquire occult powers and abilities, mystical objects, general information and magickal knowledge; to assist in magickal operations, etc.

In Islamic occultism, the interaction with angelic spirits are preferred to the socializing with jinns or the trafficking with demons. Jinns are unpredictable and deceptive while demons are malicious. Orthodox Islam as a rule, does not condone the practice of conjuration as it presents too many dangers for the evolving soul. Al-Hikmah, however, teaches the subject but with the stipulation that the novice be fully guided in the process and apply the strenuous disciplines that refines the soul, awakens the heart and will, and uplifts the intelligence so as to offer protection against the temptations, illusions, deceptions, glamor and maya along the way. Conjurations in al-Hikmah are confined to angels and jinns, and in rare cases to human spirits. "Demons" are not sought for except by the strayers of the path.

Methods of conjuration are numerous. They may be done through the methods of the magickal schools of the Western Tradition (the Golden Dawn, etc), the shamanic process, or the simple zikir in Tasawuf, or Islamic mysticism; though the latter, viewing from a spiritual perspective, does not consider conjuration as of any importance or even as causing obstacles along the path. Al-Hikmah, being eclectic, combines many methods, depending upon various factors. Different methods are also used by different schools of the al-Hikmah tradition. These occult lodges guard their methods with secrecy--or sad to say, with a price.

So far we have mentioned the lower goals and effects of the recitation of the Divine Name. This comes under the province of thaumaturgy. We would like to point out that the chanting of the Divine Names has a more lofty purpose and this is theurgical in nature. Islam refers to the chanting of Divine Names as "zikr." It is widely practiced in the tarikat aspect of Islam. Zikr means "remember." It is the remembrance of Allah, done through contemplation of the name and not mere mechanical chanting. Practitioners of Tasawuf recognize the psychic effects of zikir but stand aloof from them. Their purpose is to unite with Allah, the "unio mystica," through his Divine Names. Zikr somewhat plays the same role as the occult practice of the assumption of godforms.

In the teachings of the Asma ul-Husna or the "Divine Names" of Islamic mysticism, the first step is to know and memorize the names intellectually. Then one contemplates upon the Names, striving to express the divine attributes in daily life. Concomitant to this, one would chant the Names in one's daily practice until overshadowed by them. Knowing all of the Divine Names, not merely intellectually, but experentially is part of the gnostic stage of Islam. Termed "marifat," the gnosis offers the practitioner a greater awareness of the Spiritual Source. Zikr of the Divine Names is just one method of attaining the gnostic state. It leads to the Inner Light and Sound emanating from the Divine Throne.

Divination

The Divine Names, like the Urim and Thurim of Judaism, long vanished, may be used as a divinatory system approximating the spiritual consultation system of the I Ching. Chips with the Names inscribed thereon may be constructed and consecrated with the associated Name. These are placed in a talismanic pouch. Inquiries may be made and the chip/s drawn to answer the questions. We will not over-dwell on the mechanics and process of this, leaving it to the ingenuity of the practitioner to develop his/her own methods and reading style. We would just like to add that our many inquirers were amazed at the accuracy of the system as we presented it to them.

Spiritual Discipline

Before engaging in any magickal practice, one should undergo a strenuous period of purification, sensitivity training, the unfoldment of the heart and will, the spiritual culture of one's character, the accumulation and comprehension of essential knowledge, the practice of goodwill, and the development of intuition. These would greatly protect and shield the practitioner from assorted problems presented by astral glamor and the illusions on the mental plane.

Such a period of discipline ought to be supervised by a spiritual adept or his representative. This is essential for various reasons; one being that the novice may not know the appropriate standard or criteria with which to evaluate his advancement. Lacking the overseership of an adept might cause the novice to be filled with illusions of personal grandeur, pride, vanity, etc. The pitfalls are indeed numerous. Being predominantly a magician or a mystic causes problems. The way of the heart and the head/will should be in equilibrium. It is the magi that balances both qualities to perfection.

How to Invoke

Prior to commencing a rite of invocation of one of the Divine Names, undergo an ablution--a holy wash. Then sit in a quite room and do some rhythmic breathing. If you are conducting your obligatory prayers at the same time, then begin the chanting of the Divine Names after the prayers; if not, offer a general prayer of worship to Allah prior to the zikr. If you know the Al-Fatihah verse, commence with this.

Carefully choose a Divine Name in accord with your need, or you may pick one from your divination pouch as explained earlier. Then recite the name for the amount of times equal to its value; or you may multiply the value with the sacred numbers 19 or 11 to be found structurally in the Quran and chant the resultant amount.

Another method is to chant the Name until you feel that you have reached an inner response. In some specific rites you may be asked to chant for a certain number of times unrelated to the value of the Names. This is permissible so long as there is ground for this. There is much leeway in the practice of the Divine Names. We might also point out that Allah loves odd numbers.

To count the number of chants, a tasbih (rosary) may be used. Use one tasbih for one Divine Name, Mantra or Prayer, as this would charge the rosary with a specific energy and not fill it with cross vibes derived from charging with too many different Names. They may cancel each other out. Stick to this rule--one mantra or Name--one rosary. This would transform the counter into a powerful talisman as the energy of the Name accumulates. Practitioners have found that rosaries are the best counting device, as mechanical counters and watches tend to dysfunction because of the influence of the energy build-up.

When reciting do not phrase the Names with the prefix Al but begin with Ya; and add the suffix "u" to it. Thus for instance, "Al Jabbar" is invoked as "Ya Jabbaru." "Ar Rahim" as "Ya Rahimu."

Begin the recitation with a voice volume-level neither loud nor soft.You may then shift to whispers or to a mental recitation; and back and forth--for variations. Avoid monotony. Recite with full focus, mentally and emotionally, on that attribute of God of the Name in question. Let your consciousness absorb the power of the Names. Do not chant mechanically, but do it with feelings of awe, respect, love, and admiration for the Divine Attribute. Visualize yourself as being filled with rays of light from the celestial realms. Contemplate the names. Chant with a sense of devotion and faith expecting no rewards. Conduct the chanting rite for no other purpose other than to approach closer to the Throne.

After completing the zikr close the session with a brief prayer of thanks.

Other Effects of the Names

Regular chanting of the Divine Names affects one psychologically. The practitioner tends to express strongly in his everyday life the Name that he regularly recites in his spiritual disciplines. This is one of the great benefits of the Divine Name recitation. Transforming one's character and evolving the soul should take precedence over the acquisition of earthly possessions. The practice of the chanting also have its effects in the improvement of mundane affairs or unfolding the dormant psychic faculties. This should be considered as blessings and not as the main purpose of the discipline.

Evoke the Angel, "Qanyail"

Chanting the Divine Names as mentioned before may be done for thaumaturgical or theurgical purposes. Physical needs should be met so that greater time, energy and resources are available for spiritual works. So long as there is a realization that the goals of mundane life do not represent life's purpose, they may be temporarily attended to by any harmless means at one's disposal. Magicians resort to magick.

Below we present an example of a rite of evocation in al-Hikmah of an angel:

If you are interested in evoking the angel Qanyail to assist you with your needs, recite daily after the 5 obligatory prayers the Divine Name "Al'Aziim" (Recite "Ya Aziimu") 1020 times. Do this in a clean room and wearing clean clothings. Repeat this rite daily for two months (perhaps more) on a vegetarian diet until the angel appears. When the spirit manifests, state your need. At each session after reciting the Divine Name for the stated amount of times say the following prayer once:

[Note: Table, prayer and notes may be seen as originally published at our website]

Copyright © 2006 Luxamore
Indotalisman
Talismans, Amulets, Mustika Pearls, Bezoar Stones and Magick of Al Hikmah and Javanese Kejawen.

Pakistani students win prize in Intel science fair

(L) Mehwish Ghafoor and (R) Ambreen Bibi has won the third place in Grand Prize in the field of environmental science at ISEF, United States. Each received $ 1,000 for developing a treatment that utilizes nanotechnology to make polluted water drinkable. – File Photo by Suhail Yusuf / Dawn.com

LOS ANGELES: Young Pakistani students used Nanotechnology to clean polluted water and won Third Place Grand Award at the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair in the United States.
An announcement here on Saturday said that Ambreen Bibi and Mehwish Ghafoor of Islamabad won a Third Place Grand Award in the field of Environmental Sciences.
It said that they received the award and $ 1,000 for developing a treatment that utilizes nanotechnology to make polluted water drinkable.
Matthew Feddersen and Blake Marggraff from Lafayette, California were awarded the top prize. They received $ 75,000 and the Gordon E. Moore Award for developing a potentially more effective and less expensive cancer treatment that places tin metal near a tumor before radiation therapy.
Taylor Wilson from Reno, Nevada, was named an Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award winner and received $50,000. Taylor developed one of the lowest dose and highest sensitivity interrogation systems for countering nuclear terrorism.
‘We champion the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair because we believe that math and science are imperative for innovation’, said Naveed Siraj, Country Manager, Intel Pakistan.
‘This global competition features youth trying to solve the world’s most pressing challenges through science’.
This year more than 1,500 young entrepreneurs, innovators and scientists were selected to compete in the International Science and Engineering Fair, the world’s largest high school science research competition.

Pakistani students shortlisted for international software competition

ISLAMABAD: A group of students from FAST National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad have been shortlisted from Pakistan to participate in the final round of Imagine Cup, USA.
The cup is the world’s largest premier students’ technology competition, which brings together young technologists worldwide to help resolve some of the world’s toughest challenges. The Pakistan finals were organized at Microsoft Head office in Pakistan.
Around 2000 students registered in Imagine Cup from Pakistan and around 50 teams competed in the Software Design Category. Out of these 50 teams, top 4 teams were shortlisted by a panel of judges from both technical and business domains. Team V3C from FAST university secured the first position.
“Imagine Cup is a unique platform to tap the imaginative talent of young minds by giving them an opportunity to think out of the box and solve the toughest problems faced by the society today. I am particularly excited about the projects these students have developed to enhance the computing experience of people. I am sure these talented students will make us proud,” said Kamal Ahmed, Country General Manager, Microsoft Pakistan.
Talking about the competition Tahir Masood of KalSoft expressed, “It is inspiring to meet so many students who are on the forefront of new discoveries, whether they go on to develop a breakthrough and solve real world issue, start a new company or become better prepared to enter the workforce, students who participate in the Imagine Cup are leading us into a brighter future”.
“I am grateful to Microsoft for providing us the opportunity to showcase our potential. We all are very excited about the worldwide finals and consider this as a great responsibility that we will be representing Pakistan and will surely do our best to raise our Country’s flag in the global finals” said Hussain Sajjad, Team leader V3C.
The winning team V3C will be fully sponsored by Microsoft to represent Pakistan in the finals which will be held in the month of July 2011. Before competing in the worldwide finals the teams will also receive some expert guidance and mentorship from the local industry experts to improve their presentation skills and product design.

Great achievements

It gave me great pleasure to learn about the achievement of Hasan Sadpara, the second Pakistani to reach the summit of the world’s highest peak, that of Mount Everest. He is the only Pakistani to conquer all the five peaks in Pakistan which are more than 8000-metre high.

It is great news for the people of Pakistan especially in these times of despondency. Hasan Sadpara’s accomplishment will definitely boost the moral of the nation. Well done, Hasan Sadpara. The nation is proud of you.

Dr Abdul Hadi

Swat



*****

We are proud of the two Pakistani students who got the third prize at Intel International Science and Engineering Fair held in the US. They developed a treatment which utilises nanotechnology to make polluted water drinkable.

I wonder if they will be rewarded in Pakistan in the same way in which our cricketers are rewarded.

Dr Saeed

Islamabad

The galaxy of Pakistani scientists

   

Famous Pakistanis – Scientists

    Dr. Munir Ahmed Khan

    Dr. N.M. Butt

    Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan

    Dr. Tahir Hussain

    Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand

    Dr. Ishrat Hussain Usmani

    Dr. Sakhi Mohammad Bhutta

    Dr. Ashfaque Ahmad

    Professor Dr. Abdus Salam

    Dr. Rafi Mohammad Chaudhary

    Dr. Aurangzeb Hafi

   

   



Dr. Munir Ahmed Khan [1926-1999]

On January 20, 1972, late Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto called on a number of leading scientists at Multan and expressed his desire to go for a Nuclear Bomb. How much time would you take for it asked the Premier. A few comments came up which did not satisfy the Premier. “I shall need three years and give you the bomb said one of the scientists. This challenge changed the mood and the Premier got excited and said abruptly. “Is it possible”? Yes of course, was the sharp answer with confidence from the one who had accepted to take up the challenge. “We will eat grass but we must have a bomb” said the premier. We have wasted a lot of time. We could go for it in 1965. Still much is not lost, we should put our heads down and work ceaselessly for it” said the Premier.

Next day, Bhutto entrusted this Himalayan task to Dr. Munir Ahmed Khan appointing him Chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. This was in 1972. Dr. Munir continued as Chairman till 1990 when he retired having built the Commission a strong organization that ultimately showed its worth in May 1998.

Dr. Munir Ahmed Khan was born in 1926 at Qasur in a modest educated family. After initial education at his native place he moved to Lahore where he matriculated in 1942 in Central Model High School. In 1944, he did his FSc and BSc in 1946 from Government College, Lahore.

He became Electrical Engineer in 1949 qualifying from the Engineering College, Lahore. For some time, he taught at the Engineering College and proceeded to America on a Fulbright Scholarship and joined North Carolina University from where he did MSc in 1951. He specialized in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Science and Technology, Chicago.

Having visited Austria in 1957 and working for some time, at International Atomic Agency, Vienna, he returned home in 1971 and joined AAEC as a scientist and elevated himself as its Chairman the following year.

During his stay as the Chairman for about eighteen years, though according to his challenge he could not produce the bomb, but he can be credited for having laid the first brick to this end by strengthening the Atomic Energy Commission which ultimately achieved its target. “He helped Pakistan acquire industry for complete nuclear fuel cycle involving uranium exploration, mining, making of uranium metal and culminating in fuel bundles for nuclear power reactors.”

It also goes to his credit that he raised a capable team of scientists like Dr. Ashfaq, Bashirudin Mahmood, Dr. N.A. Butt and others. He contributed in the development of Science and Technology by way of associating himself in the establishment of various research and teaching organizations including PINSTECH and Centre for Nuclear Studies. Imitation of Nuclear Re-actor at Jauharabad and foundation of National Development Complex are additional feathers in his cap. The cold test of Atomic Programme in March 1983 was made under his supervision. Although he retired from the PAEC in 1991, yet he remained associated with the Nuclear issues throughout: “He spent nearly forty years in the atomic energy, half in training in the US nuclear establishments and in working in the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna and other half in applying that expertise and knowledge in the development of Pakistan Nuclear programme.”

He has published many research articles in different international journals. He was given awards of distinction by the Government of Pakistan. This scientist who first of all spoke to produce Atomic bomb expired on April 21st, 1999.

“Dr. Munir’s achievements must be seen in the background of anti nuclear international environment of past two decades when the United States, Canada and European country passed domestic legislation to not only place restrictions of transfer of technology but even to negotiate settled contracts.”

Source:

Prominent Scientists of Pakistan (Urdu)
Khalid Mahmood Asim
Articles

The Nuclear Father

The fifth death anniversary of Mr. Munir Ahmad Khan, Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (1972-1991), who developed and led Pakistan’s nuclear programme for two decades and who achieved international recognition as a nuclear expert and advocate for the Third World is marked on April 22..

He spent his last days of illness in Vienna, Austria, where he enjoyed a distinguished tenure with the International Atomic Energy Agency (1957-1972). He was one of the first Asian scientists to join the IAEA, and rose to become director of the Reactor Engineering Division and Member of the Board of Governors, and was elected Board Chairman in 1986-87.

It was while he was still with the IAEA that Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto requested him to return to Pakistan as PAEC Chairman at the famous Multan Conference of senior scientists, where the foundations of the nuclear weapons programme were laid. It was a historic move as Pakistan thereafter embarked on a crash program to develop the atomic bomb, and he as the architect of the nuclear programme would make this dream come true by 1983 when PAEC conducted its first successful cold tests.

Under Munir’s dedicated leadership, Pakistan’s nuclear programme developed into a multi-faceted and dynamic center of science and technology, both on the peaceful and deterrence sides. He established the blueprint and developed the know how for Pakistan’s weapons capability. This includes the fuel and heavy water fabrication facilities, uranium enrichment and plutonium reprocessing facilities, nuclear fuel cycle facilities, training centres and nuclear power reactors.

In addition, the PAEC made formidable strides by developing new strains of rice and cotton that added billions to Pakistan’s agricultural output. Nuclear medical centres across the country have treated hundreds of thousands of cancer patients. Recently a long-standing dream of his was achieved with the elevation of the Centre for Nuclear Studies into an internationally recognised university. He established CNS as a centre of excellence, to provide the critical element of any nuclear programme, the trained manpower, which has so far produced over 2000 world-class nuclear scientists and engineers, at a time when the Western universities refused to allow Pakistanis into the nuclear field.

He initiated the Kahuta Enrichment Project, as Project-706, under Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmud, in 1974, two years prior to A.Q. Khan’s arrival in Pakistan. He completed the feasibility study, site selection for the plant, construction of its civil works, recruitment of the staff, and procurement of the necessary materials by 1976.

The PAEC under Munir remained in charge of the overall bomb programme, of all the 23 out of 24 difficult steps before and after uranium enrichment, and he continued to provide technical support to the enrichment program all along. The PAEC under him went on to develop the first generation of nuclear weapons in the 1980s. Munir started work on the bomb itself in a meeting called in March 1974, in which the secret ‘Wah Group’ was assigned the task of initiating work on it, prior to the arrival of A. Q. Khan in Pakistan.

The Chaghi tunnels were constructed under him and were ready by 1980. Munir successfully conducted the first ‘cold’ tests in March 1983, and the 1998 ‘hot’ tests were their confirmation. He made Pakistan acquire complete mastery over the nuclear fuel cycle, which is critical to the development and success of any nuclear programme.

The fuel cycle ranges from mining (uranium ore mining from mines), milling (uranium ore into yellow cake), conversion (yellow cake into hexafluoride gas, the crucial ingredient for uranium enrichment through the ‘gas’ centrifuge method used in KRL). Fuel fabrication (converting enriched uranium into uranium dioxide, sealing it into metal fuel rods and bundling into fuel assembly as fuel for nuclear power plants) was accomplished by PAEC under Munir.

Uranium enrichment would have been impossible without the hexafluoride gas, and mastery of the nuclear fuel cycle, which was accomplished by Munir. The highly enriched uranium is then converted into metal at PAEC and then into bomb cores, which itself involves very critical technologies, which were as great a challenge as uranium enrichment or plutonium reprocessing. Munir had laid solid groundwork for all these technologies, which enabled Pakistan to acquire nuclear capability by the early 1980s.

When in 1976 Canada suspended the supply of heavy water fuel and spare parts for the Karachi nuclear power plant, he took up the challenge and using indigenous resources produced the Feed for KANUPP, which is why the Muslim world’s first nuclear power plant is still running successfully.

He also upgraded the research reactor at PINSTECH and laid the groundwork in the 1980s for the 300 MW nuclear power plant at Chashma. Munir also laid the foundations of the National Development Complex, under Dr Samar Mubarikmand. Today NDC is a vital strategic organisation.

PAEC under Munir was also actively developing the plutonium programme, in spite of the cancellation of the French reprocessing contract, and went ahead with developing an indigenous pilot reprocessing plant, which was completed by 1981, known as the ‘New Labs’ in PINSTECH. The PAEC did not forego the plutonium route, and was successful at developing the indigenous plutonium production reactor at Khushab, commissioned recently. This was driven during Munir Khan’s 19-year tenure. Plutonium is used to develop advanced compact warheads, and makes more powerful bombs than uranium.

Munir was very modest, and shied away from the counter-productive boasting of his rivals. He saw Pakistan’s strength as lying in more than having a bomb, as equally dependent on a secure economic and political future and non-isolation in the world.

As he developed the PAEC programme, so too did he grow in international stature as one of the leading nuclear policymakers to represent Third World interests at international forum. A few years prior to his death, he was made Advisor on Science and Technology at the Islamic Development Bank to assist in developing their investment in the sciences in Muslim countries.

Munir Khan did his BSc from Government College Lahore as a contemporary of the late Nobel Laureate Dr Abdus Salam. He later went to the USA on a Fulbright Grant and Rotary International Fellowship where he earned a Master’s in electrical engineering from North Carolina State University and an MSc in nuclear engineering from Argonne National Laboratories in Illinois as part of the Atoms for Peace Programme.

Munir’s vision for Pakistan, and indeed the whole Muslim community, as a centre for science and technology, was an inspiration to scientists and colleagues around the world. The strict controls in PAEC from the time of Munir becoming Chairman in 1972 ensured that no financial bunglings or material ‘leaks’ would take place.

He was an example of how a scientist in a very senior and responsible position could behave with the utmost responsibility and secrecy in matters of supreme national interest. He was a man who was obsessed with secrecy, and believed that national security must be above personal whims and wishes, and abhorred personal aggrandisement. He spoke rarely to the press, and only in public, never in private, and he refrained from all self-projection and never indulged in cheap popularity stunts.

He never let any journalist in his office or residence, nor did he crave their attention. For all his sense of responsibility throughout his Chairmanship, he had to pay a personal price by remaining unsung. Some believed that keeping silent was a mistake, and that the people would never know of the accomplishments of the PAEC and his own contribution. He was deeply humble, impeccably honest and humane, an avid conversationalist who in the traditions of most nuclear scientists, was a connoisseur of arts, especially literature and Urdu poetry, particularly Ghalib, Iqbal and Faiz. And like most nuclear scientists engaged in changing the destiny of nations, he used to have long walks. He was a consummate conversationalist and burst into laughter without prodding. It was amazing how he had compartmentalised his mind. Manager of a colossal and highly sensitive nuclear programme, he talked of other things in the world without even giving a hint about his identity. His confidence and patriotism did not allow him to divulge his secrets to any man who did not belong to his trade.

With superabundant energy, iron will, and an intense patriotic zeal, he became a lodestar in the history of the nation. He was known as the ‘Father’ in PAEC circles, yet he remains an unsung hero whose contributions are largely unknown, and unacknowledged. His predecessor, Dr. I. H. Usmani, got the Nishan-i-Imtiaz posthumously after the 1998 nuclear tests, as did his successor, Dr Ishfaq Ahmed, yet he continues to be left out.

His detractors have been exposed in the recent proliferation scandal, and he stands vindicated. He remained associated till his last day in Pakistan with nuclear issues and continued to serve the country by sharing his rich 42-year experience in the nuclear field with PAEC even after retiring as Chairman in 1991. His greatest legacy is that he made Pakistan a nuclear power by making the nuclear programme independent of his self. Yet even five years after his death, he remains an unsung hero who along with his team of dedicated scientists and engineers enabled us to safeguard our honour as a nation. Justice requires that the falsification of history be rectified. The nation for which he lived his life, deserves to know the truth.

Courtesy:

The Nation, April 22, 2004 (By M.A. SHEIKH)

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Dr. N.M. Butt

Dr. N.M. Butt is from amongst the very few in Pakistan who attained DSc the highest degree of Science. He also has the distinction of being the first Pakistani to obtain this degree.

Dr. Butt was born at Lahore in 1938. He did MSC in Physics with distinction from Government College, Lahore. He got associated with Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) and in due course of time proceeded to England for higher studies. He joined Department of Nuclear Physics, Birmingham University, where he earned the degree of D.Sc. Thereafter, Dr. Butt re-joined PINSTECH and worked on important posts such as Chief Scientist and retired as Director General in 1998. He was made Scientist of Emeritus in this Institute to which he is still attached.

He is fellow of Royal Society of Physics, London and Fellow of Islamic Academy of Sciences. Dr. Butt has published far numbering research articles in national and international research journals and has trained a fairly large number of young scientists. He was conferred with Sitara-i-Imtiaz by the Government of Pakistan.

Source:

Prominent Scientists of Pakistan (Urdu)
Khalid Mahmood Asim

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Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan

Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistan’s nuclear hero is a scion of Bhopal state’s modest and a religious family. He was born in April 1936. His father Abdul Ghafoor Khan was an academician who retired from Education Department in 1935 and settled permanently in Bhopal. In 1952, Qadeer did his Matriculation and same year in the month of August, he migrated to Pakistan. At Karachi, he did his FSC from D.J. Science College and graduated from Karachi University. He proceeded to Germany in 1961 on a scholarship for higher studies in Metallurgy. In 1963-4, he moved to Holland and did his MSC with distinction in Physical Metallurgy from Technological University Defolt. In 1968, did his Doctorate in the same subject from Catholic University of Leon. In 1972, started his career as a Metallurgist at Physical Dynamic Research Laboratory (F.D.O) at Amsterdam. This gave him an opportunity to move onwards from an ‘unknown to a known’ that later made it possible for him to go for a big hunt in Nuclear Science. Before returning home in 1976, he had worked at the British, German and Dutch Urenco uranium enrichment facility in the Netherlands in the early seventies.

During Premier Bhutto’s regime he was entrusted with the job to organize Pakistan's nuclear programme that could give an answer to India in a befitting manner. He thus sowed real seeds of Pakistan’s nuclear programme on July 31 1976, when 'Engineering Research Laboratories', an autonomous organization was formed headed by Dr. Qadeer Khan who later emerged as an architect of Pakistan’s Nuclear prowess and also called as the father of Pakistan medium-range Ghauri and other Missiles.

Needless to say that credit goes to the great Khan that "in a record short span of six years, Pakistan was put on the nuclear map of the world and a solid foundation was laid for our self-sufficiency in future of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy."

‘He became the focus of attention after India exploded three nuclear devices on May 11 and two more on May 13, 1992 to which Pakistan gave an appropriate answer by exploding five Pakistani nuclear blasts on May 28, 1998 and at least one on the following day - a move that spurred jubilation at home and condemnation abroad, coupled with sanctions.’

It may be noted that Dr. Qadeer Khan was levelled with fake charges of nuclear espionage by the West so much so that a court in Amsterdam sentenced him in absentia in 1983 for four years in jail. Dr. Qadeer refutes much biased allegations of engaging forcefully himself in any sort of nuclear espionage. The court, however, later on, withdrew it’s baseless allegation when the Khan fought his case with vigour and determination.

The great Khan, the great hero, the great architect of Pakistan’s Nuclear technology deserves special gratitude of the people of Pakistan. We salute him.

Source:

Prominent Scientists of Pakistan (Urdu)
Khalid Mahmood Asim


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Dr. Tahir Hussain

Amongst the first scientists who taught and researched in nuclear Physics, and produced brilliant scientists about whom he remarked: "From the theory that I taught, my students produced results " it was not an easy job but a colossal task which only unique people could perform and they did wonder”. Dr. Tahir worked with Dr. Rafi in the first Nuclear Research Laboratory and trained a number of young scientists.

He was educated at Aligarh University where he did his MSc with distinction. He accompanied Dr. Mohammad Rafi Chaudhary when the later came to Pakistan in 1948 at the invitation of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. At first, he taught Physics at Government College, Lahore, and after some time, proceeded to Oxford University and did PhD in Nuclear Physics. After returning to Pakistan, rejoined Government College, and was elevated to the post of Chairman of the Department of Physics. While he was at Government College, Dr. Tahir was appointed Vice-Chancellor of Azad Kashmir University, Muzaffarabad. Thereafter, he was appointed Chairman, Literacy and Mass Education for some time. Dr. Tahir was associated with the Ministry of Education as Consultant for Science and also worked as Chairman, USA Education Foundation. He has published a number of research papers in journals of international repute.

Dr. Tahir Hussain has contributed in the foundation and development of the first Nuclear Research Laboratory. In the High Tension Laboratory, scientists like Dr. Mand, Dr. Ishfaq, Dr. Mansoor and others worked under his supervision.

Source:

Prominent Scientists of Pakistan (Urdu)
Khalid Mahmood Asim

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Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand

Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand, is one of the architects who have made Pakistan the first Muslim country in the world to posses a nuclear bomb. “It was the result of the efforts made by thousands of scientists and engineers” who deserve the entire nation’s gratitude.

Mand belongs to an educated family of Rawalpindi where he was born in 1941 and in the same city matriculated in 1956. Thereafter, did his FSC in 1958 from Government College, Lahore; BSC in 1960 and MSC in 1962 - attaining distinction in all of these with academic roll of honour.

He started his career as a scientist in 1962 in the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. It was during this job that he proceeded to England for higher education and did his PhD in Experimental Physics (Nuclear Physics) from Oxford University. He returned in 1966 to Pakistan and again joined AAEC. He entered into matrimonial life in 1968 and was married to a lady who herself is a scientist and a teacher. In 1974, he joined Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology and worked there on different important posts such as Director, Member Technical and Director General.

Besides his official assignments, he remained active in contributing to higher level research and published a number of research articles in journals of international repute.

He led the team of scientists who took up the nuclear task of explosion on May 28, 1998. Recalling the crucial moments he said: "My eyes were set on the mountain in which the test was to be conducted. I experienced a halt in my heartbeat on seeing nothing happening after 32 seconds. But all of a sudden it was a big jolt! We had triumphed.”

The credit of Shaheen Missile also goes to Dr. Mand and his enthusiastic team of scientists. In lieu of his meritorious services to the country, Dr. Mand was conferred with Sitara-i-Imtiaz and Hilal-i-Imtiaz by the Government of Pakistan.

Source:

Prominent Scientists of Pakistan (Urdu)
Khalid Mahmood Asim

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Dr. Ishrat Hussain Usmani

Dr. Ishrat Hussain Usmani, (I.H.Usmani) who laid foundation of Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology was born on April 15, 1917 and educated at Bombay University where he did his BSc (Hons) in 1937, MSc in 1938 and PhD from London University. In 1942, Dr. Usmani joined Indian Civil Service and migrated to Pakistan in 1947 and continued to wok as a Civil Servant in the newly created country on different important posts for five years.

Dr. Usmani worked as Adviser Science to the President of Pakistan. Later, in 1960, he was appointed Chairman, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission which he headed till 1972. During his tenure as chairman, he engaged and trained a number of young scientists who later played pivotal role in the advancement of Nuclear Technology in Pakistan. He was the one to have laid foundation of PINSTECH and initiated Karachi Nuclear Power Plant that became functionary in 1972. At Faislabad, an Institute called Nuclear Institute for Agriculture (NIAB) was also established by Dr. Usmani. Likewise, he was responsible for establishing Nuclear Research Institutes for Medicine, Industry and Mineralogy at different cities such as Karachi, Lahore, Tando Jam, Dhaka, Chittagong and Memon Singh. It was at his initiation that a separate Ministry called the ‘Ministry of Science and Technology’ was created by the Government of Pakistan in 1972. Establishment of the Pakistan Foundation was also one of his achievements.

Dr. Usmani remained Senior Adviser for Nuclear Technology in UNO for eleven years. He has published a good number of research papers in quality research journals of international repute. He was conferred with Sitara-i-Imtiaz by the Government of Pakistan. Dr. Usmani departed on June 18th, 1992.

Source:

Prominent Scientists of Pakistan (Urdu)
Khalid Mahmood Asim

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Dr. Sakhi Mohammad Bhutta

He is the one who made a rich contribution in the growth and development of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission by way of providing tremendous financial assistance through industrialists of Chaniot especially well known “Triple As”.

Dr. Bhutta’s contribution is two-fold-one as a scientist and the other as a source person responsible for drawing finances for the PAEC during its initial stages.

Dr. Bhutta belongs to Chaniot, District Jhung where he was born in 1941 and later completed his early education up to FSc in 1958 from his native city. He did BSc Engineering from Engineering University, Lahore, in 1961 with a distinction that made his way for a scholarship from International Atomic Energy Agency. This made it possible for him to proceed to America for higher studies and in 1964, he did is MSc in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Michigan.

After completion of his education, he returned to Pakistan and joined Karachi Nuclear Power Plant where he was elevated to the post of Director in 1965. In 1972, he was appointed its head where he worked till 1973. Later on, Dr. Bhutta was appointed as Senior Adviser of National Electrical Power Regulatory Authority, where he is still associated.

Source:

Prominent Scientists of Pakistan (Urdu)
Khalid Mahmood Asim

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Dr. Ashfaque Ahmad 

The first Atomic Explosions of May 28 and 30, 1998 were done under his supervision since he was the Chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission to which he remained associated since its inception.

Dr. Ashfaque belongs to Lahore where he completed his education from Government College. It was in 1951 that he did his MSc with distinction with roll of honour. In 1952, he began his career as a teacher at Government College, and later, went to Canada and obtained the Degree of Science from the University of Montréal. He worked in Research Laboratories in Denmark and France. After his return to Pakistan, he joined Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission in 1960 being among the first scientists to have joined this Commission under the chairmanship of Dr. I.H. Usmani.

Dr. Ashfaq worked in different capacities and continuously for thirty one years, remained associated with the National Nuclear Programme. He became its Chairman in 1991. He has published quality research papers in reputed Journals of national and international repute. Only recently, he has been elected member of International Nuclear Energy Academy (INEA). His membership of this Academy is not only an honour for Pakistan but for the entire Islamic World as well. He has been conferred with several awards including Sitara-i-Imtiaz; Hilal-i-Imtiaz and Nishan-i-Imtiaz.

Source:

Prominent Scientists of Pakistan (Urdu)
Khalid Mahmood Asim

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Professor Dr. Abdus Salam [1926-1994]

Professor Abdus Salam one of the greatest exponents in physics of this century was born in a modest family of Jhang, in 1926. His father, Chaudhary Mohammad Husain served in Education department, Jhung. Salam received his early education in his native city doing Matric in 1940 and FSc in 1942. In 1944, he did BSc from Government College Lahore. He did MSc in 1945 and also attained MA Degree in Mathematics in 1946, Thus, Salam, has the credit of being double MA (Physics & Mathematics) at the age of only 20 years which is a record in the University of the Punjab, Lahore.

He proceeded to England in 1946 for further studies where he was educated at St. John’s College, Cambridge and Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge where he stayed for a period of three years (1946-1949). After becoming a Wrangler in double course of Physics and Mathematics returned to Pakistan in 1951 and served in the Government College, Lahore and University of the Punjab between 1952-54 as a teacher and Head of the Department of Mathematics. The year 1951, provided him with an opportunity for higher studies in Cambridge University, where he completed his Doctorate in Theoretical Physics in 1952 - once again a record to have attained a doctoral degree in a period of only one year. The world of science was stunned on the discovery of “Renormalisation Theory” put forward by Abdus Salam. He was thus conferred with a "Smith Prize" by the Cambridge University even before the award of his doctoral degree. Thereafter, he returned to Pakistan and joined Government College, Lahore, but in 1954 moved once again to England and got associated with the Cambridge University as a lecturer. In 1957, Imperial College London, offered him professorship with which he remained associated throughout.

In 1959, he was nominated Advisor to the Education Commission of Pakistan and in 1961, elevated to the post of Chief Advisor Science to the President of Pakistan - a portfolio that he held up to 1974.

Dr. Salam contributed in development of PAEC, Karachi Nuclear Plant and several organisations of Applied Physics. During 1961-64, he made rich contribution in the development of SUPARCO as its President. Dr. Salam has published a number of research articles in international research journals which were highly appreciated in concerned circles all over the world.

Dr. Salam’s greatest research achievement is ‘Theory of Unification of Forces’ or ‘Grand Unification Theory’ which is also known as "GUT". It was on this great achievement in the field of science, that Dr. Salam was conferred with ‘Nobel Prize’ in 1979 together with the ‘Americans Steven Weinberg’ and - ‘Sheldon Glashow’. He thus, is the only Pakistani scientist who is a Nobel Laureate in Physics. Salam’s ‘electroweak theory’ is still the core of the ‘standard model’ of high energy physics. After having contributed a number of research papers, establishing numerous organisations, training hundreds of scientists and after having been bestowed upon with far numbering awards and medals, this great scientist breathed his last after a prolonged illness in November 1994.

The name of Dr. Abdus Salam will be linked forever to the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy.

Source:

Prominent Scientists of Pakistan (Urdu)
Khalid Mahmood Asim

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Dr. Rafi Mohammad Chaudhary [1903-1988]

Dr. Rafi, popularly known as the ‘Founder of Nuclear Science’ in Pakistan was the first who introduced research and teaching in Nuclear Science at the invitation of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah in 1948 when he was offered Professorship at Government College, Lahore, and the University of the Punjab, Lahore, where he initiated teaching and research programme in MSc Physics.

Dr. Rafi Mohammad Chaudhary was born in a village called Kahnaur in District Rohtak of East Punjab on 1st July 1903. After completion of his initial studies in his native place moved to Aligarh University on scholarship in 1923 where he did his MSc in 1929 with the first class first that remained an academic record for quarter of a century in the history of the Aligarh University.

The Nawab of Bhopal, awarded him a scholarship for higher studies at Cambridge University, England, where he attained PhD degree in 1933 working at famous Cavendish Laboratory. The same year he returned home and was appointed as Professor of Physics in Islamia College, Lahore, where he stayed as Chairman of Physics Department till 1938. Thereafter, he moved to Aligarh University as Chairman of Physics Department. In 1946, joined Birmingham University as Nuffield Fellow at the invitation of Professor Sir Mark Oliphant. He returned to Aligarh in 1948 and this was the time when Professor Mark, wrote to the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah to engage Dr. Rafi for research in Nuclear Physics as, according to Prof. Mark, no other Muslim Scientist was available in the subcontinent except Dr. Chaudhary who could prove useful for the newly born country in the field of Nuclear Technology.

It would be interesting to note that when Indian Premier, Jawaharlal Nehru came to know of this development, he immediately offered him Deputy Directorship of Physics Laboratory-one of the biggest laboratories of Physics in the world. Dr. Chaudhary regretted this offer and came to Pakistan in 1948 and established Physics Department at Government College, Lahore.

He laid foundation of a High Tension Research and Training Laboratory in the College which later produced a number of scientists and became the center of attention of foreign scientists. In 1958, Prince Philip made a visit to this Laboratory and keenly watched more than twenty experiments done in the Laboratory. Later, many known foreign scientists talked high of this Laboratory and termed its overall set up as accurate as that of world-fame Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge.

In 1970, Dr. Rafi Mohammad joined the Centre for Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, and continued to work there as an honorary Professor and was made Professor Emeritus in 1977. It would be of interest to note that from 1932 down to 1988, Dr. Rafi published hundreds of high quality research papers in journals of national and international repute.

Dr. Rafi was conferred with Sitara-i-Imtaiz in 1982 by the President of Pakistan. The present well known scientists like Dr. Ashfaque Ahmad, Dr. Tahir Hussain, Dr. N.A. Butt, are his students.

After having served the country for about forty years, the ‘Father of Nuclear Science’ breathed his last on December 4, 1988.

Source:

Prominent Scientists of Pakistan (Urdu)
Khalid Mahmood Asim

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Dr. Aurangzeb Hafi

A Pakistani scientist Dr Aurangzeb Hafi has earned a great honour for the country by developing 'Magneto-Agricultural Development Model and Sectorial Magnetic Model' for the first time in the world that will vivid far-looking and long lasting effects on agriculture, environmental and medical sciences, space biology, magnetobotanics, magnetohydrodynamics and multidisciplinary sciences.

Dr Aurangzeb Hafi disclosed this in a press conference here on Wednesday. "In Interplanetary Magnetic Fields, the origin of magnetisation of the magnetised rocks of the moon has been a great puzzle, over the decades, to all the scientists and researchers of the subject.

To come out of this puzzle, no single theory or even epistemologically based theoretical model has yet been evolved. To-date, no text, none of the research papers have given a line of research, which can lead to the factual answer.

The base of research might be a set of clues, or theoretical model, or simply an assumption, based on factual findings, on which due to it being irrefutable, a strong line and some track of research can be drawn," he claimed.

The mechanism of this relationship is not yet clearly understood, even among the world-renowned authoritative establishments of space sciences, he added.

According to him, the origin of magnetisation of the 'magnetised rocks of the moon' has been a great puzzle for the scientists of modern space sciences.

Even it has been declared as 'an important question but a great puzzle' by the scientists of USA and USSR, in a joint publication of NASA's and USSR's scientists, named 'The Foundations of Space Biology and Medicine.'

As I did research exclusively on the topic, therefore, the model was named as 'Aurangzeb Hafi's Model of Sectorial Biomagnetics,' he maintained.

He said that a model of development of sectorial boundaries has been evolved, along with 25 years Magneto-Agriculture Model, which is expected to be presented in few days to the Government of Pakistan.

Dr Hafi said that plants containing three nutriment iron, manganese and cobalt, can have incredible influence in south areas, where plants are irrigated with magnetised water can grow 40-60 percent faster than others.

To a question, he said that this development can positively affect various crops like rice, potato, tomato, wheat, sugarcane, and maize. He also said that he will be not going to give his formula to any foreign company, however, any Pakistani multinational company can take advantage of the formula.